Abatement - minimizing the presence and danger of hazardous material including lead, asbestos, and mold by the amount, degree, or intensity.

Abrasion Resistance - Ability of a coating to resist degradation caused by mechanical wear (mechanical erosion) due to its ability to dissipate the applied mechanical energy. Abrasion resistance can be enhanced by incorporation of surface modifying additives or wax. Abrasion resistance is not necessarily related to hardness as believed by some, but is more clearly comparable with toughness.

Absorb - describes the temporary ability of porous materials to hold and retain liquid water and water vapors over a period of time.

Absorption - describes the temporary holding of moisture in porous and semi-porous building materials (carpets, sub-floor padding, and sheetrock) that have been water damaged.

Accelerator - A substance used in small proportions to increase the speed of a chemical reaction. Accelerators are used to hasten the curing of a coating system. Also known as catalyst.

Access Flooring - a raised area of a floor that has removable panels to allow access to the floor and space below the primary floor. For example - in office buildings, a computer floor is often an access floor. In the event of water damage, access floors must be carefully examined by the computer personnel first and only then by water damage technicians.

Acoustic Materials? - materials, planned to absorb sound and noise, such as carpet and acoustic tiles. These materials are often highly absorbents, and tend to hold a lot of water, moisture, and humidity after a water-related damage.

Administrative Record - Documents established in compliance with Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA) requirements. Administrative records must be available to the public and should be placed at the facility at issue.

Air Sampling - also known as "indoor air quality (IAQ) testing", "air testing", "mold testing" or similar, refers to the process of collecting samples of ambient air and its contents from a selected indoor area of a property. The most commonly accepted method of open-area air sampling involves a specially calibrated air pump machine that regulates air flow across special sampling media that captures (collects) contents from the air. Inner-wall air sampling is another method and involves drilling small holes into a wall. A tube can then be inserted into the wall cavity for the purpose of drawing out air so that its contents can be collected on the sampling media. The sampling media is then analyzed by a laboratory to determine the type of and concentrations of any contents (biological or non-biological) present in the air taken from that area of the property.

Airlock - a chamber allowing entrance to a contaminated space without affecting the environmental conditions of this space, or its surroundings.

Allergen - a normal substance such as a drug, pollen, or microorganism that causes an acute defensive reaction in a person's immune system. These reactions include sneezing, itching, skin rashes, and respiratory irritations.

Anti-Fungal - also group into anti-microbial, anti-fungal refers to the prevention of the growth and spreading of fungi (mold) and its spores. This often involves the use of solvents or chemicals applied to building materials for the prevention of such growth.?

APR - Air Purifying Respirator.

Asbestos - a naturally occurring fibrous mineral that has been used commonly in a variety of building construction materials for insulation and as a fire-retardant. Due to its strength and heat resistant properties, asbestos has been used for a wide range of manufactured goods, mostly in building materials, machinery friction parts and heat/fire-resistant fabrics. Its inclusion in these products has been a controversy due to the adverse health effects one can experience from exposure. Some of the most common major health issues experienced by those exposed to asbestos include - Asbestosis, Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma.

Back Pressure - a result of improper use of air-drying equipment during water damage restoration projects. It happens when air-drying fans are positioned improperly under wet carpets and to wall cavities. Backpressure is caused by the restriction of air velocity while trapping humidity in surfaces such as walls or cabinet.

Background and Post Clearance Sampling - performed by industrial hygienists, background and post clearance sampling is method to collect historical and current baseline data information for a post clearance testing. After an extensive fire or water damage, most of the historical and baseline data is destroyed due to changes in a structure's micro flora. In these cases new baseline data must be established for the structure and its occupants after restoration is complete.

Background Concentration - is a term, used to describe the level and concentration of air, organisms, and chemicals that are part of natural processes. Background concentrations are gathered outside and are usually the starting point for determining acceptable levels of outside gases, particles and microorganism compared to inside gases, particles and microorganism levels.

Background Measurements - basic readings of a given atmosphere, used as comparative measurements, measuring against questionable atmospheres. Background measurements will include temperature, humidity and moisture readings.

Backwashing - the process of removing sewage effluents from contaminated buildings. Flooding contaminated areas with fresh water and detergents, causes flushing contaminates out of their settled sources.

Base Flood Elevation (BFE) - computed elevation to which floodwater is anticipated to rise during the base flood. Base flood elevations are shown on Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) and on the flood profiles. The BFE is the regulatory requirement for the elevation or flood proofing of structures. The relationship between the BFE and a structure's elevation determines the flood insurance premium.

Baseline Data - the environmental information, gathered to determine the accumulations of biological, chemical, toxins and other physical properties of a structure.

Biohazard - any type of biological waste. Often, this biological waste is pathogenic in nature or contaminated in some way. Biohazard also includes infectious agents that present a risk or potential health risk. Biohazard can be found in water damaged buildings where bacteria is present because of a sewage backflow or where fungi is allowed to grow and the condition eventually affects the health of the building's occupants. Biohazards must be eliminated by professionals as if improperly handled, both sewage bacteria and wet building material fungi are known to cause serious health effects. In addition, if improperly handled, the contamination is most likely still present in the building, causing a higher risk of exposure to the occupants.

Biological Contaminants - Agents derived from, or that are, living organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, etc. that can be inhaled and can cause many types of health effects including allergic reactions, respiratory disorders, illness and disease in persons who are exposed or susceptible. Also referred to as biological pollutants, bio-pollutants, microbiologicals, and microbials.

Bioremediation - the cleanup and decontamination process using naturally occurring or specially cultivated microorganisms to digest contaminants naturally and break them down into non-hazardous components.

Claim - a request made by the owner of a property and carrier of a homeowner's insurance policy for approval of repairs needed to recover from damages that occurred to their property, its contents or its occupants. A claim often is made following a flood, fire or robbery. The limit of what a claim will pay for varies depending on the policy type and company. Typically, maximum payout amounts (or caps) are set by the insurer for the various situations the policy covers.

Conductance - The transfer of heat or thermal energy between neighboring molecules in a substance due to a temperature gradient. Conductance always takes place from a region of higher temperature to a region of lower temperature, and acts to equalize the temperature differences.

Convection - The process of transferring heat or thermal energy from the air to a solid, liquid, or other gas via the circulation of currents from one region to another.

Cross-Contamination - the transfer of a contamination from one area to another area through either physical contact or air exchange. Cross-contamination involving mold can occur when it is on a surface or airborne. Surface cross-contamination occurs when the mold directly touches a person or object that then transfers to a different area of the property. Air cross-contamination occurs when the air in an area contaminated with airborne mold spores exchanges with an area of low or no airborne mold spores. Once occupying a new area, the cross-contaminated mold may come into contact with the resources it needs to begin new growth (a new colony) or a person who could suffer from adverse health effects.?Expert

Dehumidification - The process of removing atmospheric moisture and thus lowering the relative humidity from a defined space or area.

Evaporation - The conversion of a liquid to the vapor state by the addition of latent heat.

Fire Damage Restoration - the process of returning a property to its condition prior to when fire or smoke damage occurred through the cleaning of damaged building material, demolition of irreparable material, cleaning any recoverable household items, applying odor removing detergents and solvents and/or rebuilding any parts of the property that require it.?

Fungi - a diverse group of single-celled organisms that also include mushroom, smuts, rusts and yeasts. They are decomposers of organic matter such as wood, plants, fabric and animals and can be found both indoors and outdoors. To survive, fungi basically needs organic nutrients, moisture and oxygen.

Gage Pressure - the pressure measured relative to the atmospheric pressure.

Gallons per Minute (GPM) - indicates the rate of water flow. It signifies how many gallons are pumped out by an equipment, outlet or a drain from water source every minute.

Gas - wherein the material has very low density and viscosity. A gas can expand and contract in large proportions as a response to temperature and pressure changes. A gas can easily diffuse with other gases and can uniformly distribute itself throughout any vessel or container. A gas can be changed to another state of matter through the combined effect of increased pressure and lowered temperatures.

Geographic Information System (GIS) - retrieves electronic files and databases of environmental measurements taken from a specific location and merge them with electronic maps showing geographic features. This system allows scientist to show large amounts of data on a particular location on a map. Information includes lanscape features as well as wetlands and land use.

Geothermal Energy - generated by the natural heat and water resources under the surface of the earth is called geothermal energy. This includes the energy derived from volcanoes and hot springs.

Gleying - the formation of black, gray, greenish or blue-gray color in soils after a flood.

Global Warming - the gradual rise of the Earth's average global temperature resulting to gradual changes in global weather patterns. Global warming is often used interchangeably with climate change and researchers and scientists have attributed this to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. The scientific community have focused emphasis from proving global warming exist to finding ways on how to minimize the potential damage it can cause the environment and the whole planet. Examples of damages are the melting of glaciers, which the US Geological Survey to be as high as 87 percent from the 244 glaciers studied. When glaciers melt, sea levels will rise resulting to a rash of floods and storms affecting several locations worldwide.

Granite - a medium to coarse and widely occurring type of intrusive, felsic, igneous rock. Rich in quartz and potassium feldspar, granite occasionally contains individual crystals larger than the groundmass. Granites can be pink, dark gray or black and depends on the chemistry and mineralogy. This type of rock is common throughout the world but certain areas are well known for producing commercial granite. Due its relatively impervious and inflexible qualities, granite is widely used as a dimension stone and is used by engineers to stablish a plane of reference for measurements. Granite is also commercially used as flooring tiles in buildings and monuments.

Gravel - a natural accumulation of rounded rock fragments that is larger than two millimeters and less than 63 millimeters. These include fragments from boulders, cobbles, pebbles, granules or any combination of these rock particles. Gravel is used in many commercial and industrial applications as a mixture for concrete. Gravel is also used in rural areas as a surface for roadways where there is minimal traffic.

Gray Water / Greywater - the non-industrial wastewater from households and small commercial establishments generated from domestic activities like dish washing, laundry and bathing. This is basically 50 to 80 percent of residential wastewater but excludes water from toilets, which is classified differently as blackwater. Gray water derives its name from the cloudy appearance and is neither fresh nor heavily polluted. Gray water is classified differently from blackwater, which contains fecal matter and toxic chemicals.

Grease Fire - a fire resulting from cooking oil or any other flammable cooking or lubricating materials.

Green Algae - most common and largest group of algae with more than 7,000 known species. Green algae have nucleated cells and chloroplasts, which give it the ability to produce food from sunlight. Algae can be found mostly in estuaries and are an intrinsic part in several ecosystems.

Greenhouse Effect - the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere resulting to a rise in global temperatures. These greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, chlorofluorocarbons, ozone and methane. These gases trap reflected radiant energy that tries to leave the planet.

Greenhouse Gases - released in large quantities into the environment as a result of human activities. This includes water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, ozone and methane. Greenhouse gases are believed to contribute to global warming.

Ground Fault Interrupter (GFI) - a safety device installed in a home or a structure that aims to interrupt surges in electricity from the electrical power lines, appliances and other electrical devices and components.

Groundwater - subsurface water coming from undergound streams, which can be collected through wells. Groundwater can also flow naturally towards the surface of the earth in the form of springs. Groundwater is a potential source of drinking water. Environmental restoration and management is performed to prevent groundwater contamination from pesticides, sewage, industrial wastes and runoffs from agricultural lands.

Groundwater Basin - A reservoir for groundwater is called a groundwater basin. It is defined and bounded by an overlying land surface and underlying aquifers from water is stored in the reservoir. An aquifer is an layer of water-bearing permeable rocks containing gravel, sand, silt or clay. An aquifer is where a groundwater is extracted.

Groundwater Overdaft - a condition where the amount of water drawn by pumping from a graound water basin is more than what the basin can recharge over a period on years.

Gutter - a channel attached to the eaves of the roof for the purpose of diverting water away from the foundations of a home. Gutters are made of various materials but are usually fabricated from plastic, copper or galvanized iron sheets.

Gypsum - hydrated calcium sulphate, a pale sedimentary rock that is usually grinded and mixed with plasters, cement and fertilizers. Gypsum plasters.

Homeowner's Insurance - a form of insurance that can be obtained by an owner of a home as a form of protection in the event of a defect, failure or natural disaster that results in damage to a property, the items contained within it or its occupants. The premium for this insurance is determined by the organization providing the insurance. The extent of what a homeowner's insurance policy covers varies by policy type and company.

IAQ - See Indoor Air Quality?Indoor

Impervious Cover - a surface that prevents water from going into the surrounding soil, particularly in urban areas like highways, streets and parking lots. During storms, runoffs from impervious cover cause the spread of pollution and waste and erode soils along the water. The results could put a community in danger of flash flooding.

In-Plant Restoration - restoration that is performed in the contractor's plant or facility.

Incident - an event caused by humans or due to natural occurrences, which requires emergency action or services. Such events, like a wild land fire, require immediate attention to prevent injury or loss of life and to prevent damages to property and natural resources.

Incidental Damages - occurs coincidentally with another loss or disaster. An example is water damage caused by firefighters during the attempt to stop a raging fire.

Independent Adjuster - an independent contractor employed by a property and casualty insurance company to act as their representative to settle claims put forward by their insured clients. The adjuster's job is to evaluate the merits of these claims and recommends courses of actions to the insurance company. Independent adjusters are hired by insurance companies.

Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) - the quality of air in these areas in relation to the health and comfort of its occupants. Some of the indoor air pollutants that can cause problems on air quality include microbial contaminants coming from mold or bacteria, chemicals like carbon monoxide and radon, natural or synthetic allergens, and other diffused matter in the air that can cause health effects. These air pollutants have been known to cause respiratory problems like asthma. According to recent findings, indoor air can be more polluted than outdoor air and pose a greater health hazard if not addressed appropriately. Ways to improve indoor air quality include proper ventilation, filtration, and source control. Restoration companies employ techniques for analyzing IAQ include the collection of air samples to be analyzed for mold, bacteria, chemicals and other health stressors. These analysis can lead to the determination of the sources of contaminations so proper remediation can be performed.

Infection - an invasion of microorganisms or bacteria in the body that causes a multiplication of germs and can pose a serious health risk. Infections can be caused by exposure to a bacteria source like molds, fungi, flood or sewage.

Infiltration - leaking of outside air into a home or building through the cracks, fissures and holes in windows and walls. The differential in pressure between conditions indoor against that outside is causing these seepages to occur.

Infrared Drying - a process used in restoration to enhance the drying process of an area or an object using infrared lamps or heaters through electromagnetic radiation. An electrically operated infrared heater or lamp uses a filament (usually tungsten or carbon) that is enclosed in a heat-resistant casing or tube of quartz glass. A filling on an inert gas, usually halogen, is placed inside the quarts tube to prevent filament degradation.

Inhalable Particulates - microscopic and airborne particles in nature and can be ingested into the respiratory system. Some inhalable particulates are components of smog or smoke as a result of recent fires, or spores injected into the air by molds and fungi infestation.

Inorganic - An inorganic compound is a material that is derived from a mineral and not from an animal or plant.

Inspection - the process of looking carefully at something. In restoration terminologies, inspection refers to the careful investigation of a structure for possible damages, which includes structural, water, fire, smoke and microbial damages. During home sales, a pre-sale home inspection is often required before escrow, to check for possible structural, chemical, water and mold damages in the home for sale.

Institute of Inspection Cleaning and Restoration Certification (IICRC) - a non-profit organization devoted to the certification and standard setting for the flooring inspection, floor covering, specialized cleaning and disaster restoration industry. It aims to set the standards within these industries and promote ethics, effective communication and technical proficiency. Aside from its role as a governing body, the IICRC also provides and disseminates information to maintain productive and fair recommendations throughout the industry. This is done to provide protection for the consumers, workers in the industry, and the environment.

Insulation - a material used to prevent of inhibit the conduction of heat, sound or electricity. Electrical wires are coated with waterproof plastic or rubber coatings to protect against moisture or water, which can act as a good conductor. Building insulations are used to slow down the transfer of heat through walls to provide comfort by maintaining a uniform temperature, and to reduce energy costs. Heat transfers are reduced in homes and buildings through the construction of double walls or hollow tiles lined with thermal insulation materials. Soundproofing, on the other hand, provides acoustic insulation or the reduction or elimination of sound intensity.

Intensity - the amount or degree of strength of light, heat, sound, electricity or force per unit area or volume.

Investigative Demolition - a process that checks or investigates possible damaging conditions in a home or building through the removal of certain building components. An example is to detach a panel of a drywall to check or test the conditions of the inner wall for water damage or mold infestation.

Iodophors - a mixture of iodine, detergent and a solubilizing agent. Iodophors are good sanitizing agents, which slowly releases iodine when it comes into contact with bacteria. Unlike other sanitizers, it leaves no residues as it can sublimate directly from liquid to gas. However, it can leave orange-brown stains on certain surfaces like plastics that it comes into contact.

Ion - an atom that consists of a negative or a positively charge particle as a result of losing or gaining an electron.

Ionization - the process of separating atoms or molecules into ions by adding or removing charged particles like protons or electrons. This separation is done through the application of heat, electrical discharge, radiation or through a chemical reaction. Ionization has its basic importance in the electrical conduction through gas or liquid mediums.

Irritant - a substance that causes inflammation or allergies in certain organs like the skin, eyes, lungs and other parts of the body. Irritants can certain chemicals or minerals or can be organic substances.

Jack Rafter - the part of the common rafter that is shorter that usual length of the main rafters and is used for framing a hip rafter, a valley rafter or both.

Job - the work done to facilitate fire, flood, sewage, smoke and water damage restoration following the foundation and basic principles of proper restoration practices, rules and regulations. In performing a job, carelessness is never acceptable and common sense should be applied at all times.

Job Hazard Analysis - a particular project identifies hazards, corrective actions, required safety equipment and the training necessary to ensure employee and public safety.

Job Scope - the restoration work, the procedures to be followed, and the safety and precautionary measures to be observed when performing fire, flood, sewage, smoke and water damage restoration of homes, buildings and other structures including their contents. The basic job scope includes loss assessment and evaluation, consideration of structure and contents, damage categorization (water, fire, smoke, sewage, etc), principles of drying, monitoring, and final inspection and completion

Joist - horizontal or parallel beams or bars of timber, metal or concrete that runs from wall to wall, beam to wall, or beam to beam to support ceiling rafters, roofs or floors. A bean is bigger and distinct from a joist. Usually, joists are supported by beams. A bandsill is another term for joist used in the construction industry, and is a term used by southeast U.S. home inspectors.

Jump Spot - a selected area in a wildland where smokejumpers in parachutes lands to combat a raging wildfire. Smokejumpers are often sent to areas that are extremely remote and aim to reach a wildfire while it is still relatively small and easier to contain.

Jump Suit - a certified and approved protective coverall gear worn by smokejumpers when parachuting into a wildland jump spot.

Kalamein Door - a fire door of composite make, usually with a wooden core and sheeted with galvanized metal sheets or plates. Sometimes, Kalamein doors are layered with panels of sheetrock or asbestos for more fire retarding properties.

Kaolinite - clay produced from weathered feldspar. These are common in clays from various locations like China where its name comes from. Kaolinite is used in making paint, rubber, ceramic, plastics and the glossy layer on magazines.

Katabatic Wind - wind blowing down a mountain slope

Key Watershed - a watershed containing potentially threatened fish. It can also refer to a watershed that is greater that six square miles that contains fish and water habitats of high quality. Key watersheds are protected and immediate restoration work is performed if habitats are threatened.

Kick Plates - attach to the bottom portion of a door and resist bumps, blows and scratches are called kick plates. These are usually made of metal sheets but any durable material can also be used.

Kinetic Energy - the resultant energy of an object caused by movement or temperature.

Labels - documents that are attached to containers of chemicals, detergents or cleaners. Labels provide detailed information on the product, safety considerations and proper application. Restoration and cleaning personnel should read clearly, understand and follow the instructions provided in product labels to ensure their safety.

Laminate - material that is formed by bonding two or more layers of material together in a process called lamination. A laminate is often used in interior finishing and acts as scratch or wear surfaces in countertops or cabinets.

Laminated Beam - a wooden structural member used in construction and finishing and is made by laminating several pieces of wood together under heavy pressure.

Lamination - placing layers of materials between layers of plastic and sealing them with heat and intense pressure. This is usually done with a thin layer of adhesive.

Landslide - a geological phenomenon, which involves a wide range of earth mass movement down a steep slope. It includes rock falls, slope failures and shallow debris flows, which can occur in coastal or onshore environments. Gravity is usually the main cause or driving force for the movement, however there are external factors that allowed the movement to occur due to slope instability. Pre-conditional factors such as excessive logging or deforestation can make the area or the slope prone to failure. The actual landslide is triggered by an external force such as floods, earthquake or excavation.

Latent Damages - A certain event can cause damages that are not presently visible or can occur after some time. These types of damages are called latent damages. An example is the occurrence of floods. If drying occurs naturally without proper restoration procedures, latent damages can occur after a few days such as mold infestations, deterioration of wood and structural damages.

Latex - can be natural or synthetic. Common forms are the milky sap that comes from certain plants that coagulates when exposed to air. Latex is used in gloves or used as backing for carpets.

Lead - material used in paint, pipes of many older homes, and is considered hazardous to health. Proper handling and removal of lead-based materials should be consulted with the local environmental protection agency and coordinated with qualified restoration companies.

Ledges - Restrooms and other enclosures sometimes have narrow, shelf-like projections along the tops of partitions and along walls or doorways. These projections are call ledges.

Levee - An embankment that works as a dike is called a levee and is constructed to prevent a river from overflowing. Also called a stopbank or a floodbank, the levee can be a natural or manmade slope or wall that is usually earthen and is constructed parallel to the course of a river or the coast.

Lichen - composite organisms that are results of the symbiotic association of a fungus with a photosynthetic partner usually a green alga. Lichens survive in harsh environments and can break down rocks and structures through chemical weathering.

Light Fixtures - Light bulbs or lamps are held and contained in mechanisms called light fixtures. Light fixtures usually have horizontal and vertical ledges, which is prone to collect dust.

Light Switch - control the on-off functions that provide power to light fixtures. They are found in a variety of location, particularly near door and restrooms. In restrooms, these are common contact point where germs can be transmitted. During toilet overflow or sewage restoration, light switches should be typical areas that nee disinfection.

Limestone - a form of sedimentary rock composed of calcium carbonate that is formed by deposits of marine animal skeletons, corals and seashells. Limestone is added to cement and construction materials.

Linoleum - A resilient flooring material that is made from coating burlap or canvas with powdered cork, rosin and solidified linseed oil is called linoleum. Pigments are added to the materials to provide color. Inlaid linoleum is the finest linoleum floors and is made by inlaying solid pieces of linoleum. Other linoleum varieties like the patterned types are cheaper but are not very durable to wear and tear.

Lintel - a horizontal support used over a door or a window and usually made of angled iron bars.

Load Bearing - a wall, partition or pilaster that supports the load of the structure.

Lowest Floor - lowest enclosed area, which includes the basement. An unfinished or flood-resistant enclosure that is separate from a basement area and is used particularly for parking of vehicles, access to buildings or storage is not considered the lowest floor.

Maid Cart - movable cabinets used to stock and transport cleaning supplies to and from an area, like restrooms, during cleaning and servicing.

Mainstream - the principal channel in a drainage system where other smaller channels flow to.

Maintenance - activities performed to care and upkeep surroundings and facilities to prevent damage and deterioration.

Marks - visible impressions, indentations or traces by an external object left on a surface. Marks should be repaired immediately to prevent permanent impressions.

Marmoleum - a type of linoleum floor covering that is formed by coating a layer of linseed oil, powdered cork and rosin on burlap or canvas sheets. To create the desired pattern or color, color pigments are added into the mixture. During restoration work, it should be considered that linoleum is sensitive to alkalis, acids and solvents to avoid damage.

Masking - the temporary obstruction or covering up of an odor. An example is to use a deodorant or air fresher to cover up sewage or smoke odors from a damaged area.

Masonry - the construction of structures using materials such as tile, marble, brick, cement, stone, granite or similar materials, which are bound together by mortar. Masonry is a highly durable form of construction.

Maximum Contamination Level (MCL) - After flood damage restoration, water sources can be checked for MCL, which is the highest concentration of a particular constituent of drinking water that is permitted by federal and state Safe Drinking Water Act regulations.

Mechanical Contractor - Professionals engaging in plumbing, piping and HVAC work are referred to as mechanical contractors.

Membrane - thin and pliable roofing materials on flat roofs.

Metal Fixtures - a device, which is part of a system that is configured for a particular use in a home, particularly in kitchens or restrooms. This includes soap dispensers, towel dispensers, tissue dispensers, doors, latches, doorknobs, handles, railings, trimmings and light fixtures.

Micro - something that can be seen only under a microscope.

Microbes - microscopic microorganisms that include algae, viruses, bacteria, fungi, etc, and have the possibility of harboring or carrying a disease. There are disinfectant and cleaners that are designed to kill certain strains of microbes that harbor diseases.

Microbial Volatile Organic Compound (MVOC) - distinctive musty, moldy and mildew odors.

Microorganisms - microscopic organisms that include bacteria, fungi and viruses. These microorganisms can carry pathogens that can cause diseases and these should be controlled through careful cleaning and maintenance.

Migration - the passage of water and moisture through walls due to absorption. The term can also be used to describe the passage of smoke and soot through pressure.

Mildew - A coating or discoloration on moist surfaces due to molds or fungi is called mildew.

Mineral Deposits - hard, scaly residue that forms on toilets, urinals, sinks and shower surfaces. These deposits are extremely difficult to remove.

Mitigate - to lessen or compensate for a previous event that had significant impact on a structure or area.

Mitigation - the creation or restoration of a wetland to replace an existing wetland damaged by human activities or development. Mitigation in structural terms refers to the restoration work on a loss site due to flood, sewage, mold, fire and water damage with the aim of reducing risks, protection, securing and preserving the property.

Mobilization - the process and procedures used by all federal, state, local and private organizations in an area or community in response or support to a particular incident like floods, fires, or natural calamities. This includes the activating, assembling and transporting of needed resources as requested.

Moisture Meter - measures the moisture content of the structure, structural components and contents. Moisture meters can either be penetrating or non-penetrating.

Molds - a form of fungi, which are naturally occurring in nature. These microorganisms produce enzymes that digest dead organic matter and help in the natural process of decomposition. However, mold infestations that occur within the home and other establishments can cause serious health risks to its human inhabitants. Molds are attracted to moisture, particularly on damp areas or surfaces, which have exposure to water damage Molds propagate through spores released through the air and lands on moisture-rich surfaces.

Municipal Hazardous or Special Waste (MHSW) - household wastes that have corrosive, flammable, toxic, ignitable or chemically reactive properties. The term is also designated to other household items that require special disposal procedures such as batteries, portable fire extinguishers, fluorescent light bulbs and thermostats.

Mycotoxins - a diverse class of compounds that are poisonous or hazardous to one's health. These are produced by microorganisms like molds, mushroom and other fungi. Mycotoxins are produced on mold spores and they can remain toxic even if the sport is dead.

National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) - basic national law for the protection and care of the environment. NEPA sets all policies and procedures for the protection of the environment. Part of this function includes the authorization of Environmental Impact Statements as well as Environmental Assessments, which will be used as analytical tools for decision making for state and federal environmental managers.

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) - a federal agency that makes recommendations on values for exposure limits of various industrial and commercial substances.

National Priorities List (NPL) - includes identified locations across the United States where hazardous wastes were found in the environment or within the vicinity. Initial evaluations on these locations showed that potential health risks can be accorded to human inhabitants or significant harm can occur to the environment. NPLs are sometimes called Superfund sites because the Environment Protection Agency (EPA) can allocate Superfund money for the investigation, clean up and restoration of these sites.

Natural Gas - hydrocarbon gasses that are composed primarily of 80 percent methane. The gas is created by methane-producing organisms in marshes, bogs and landfills. It is an important fuel source, and is simply referred to as simply gas when compared with other energy sources.

Neat - a word that describes an orderly and organized environment, facility or enclosure.

Negative Air Machine (NAM) - an electromechanical device that is used to create a negative air pressure in an enclosure. This device is used for restoration work to prevent the spread of contaminants to other areas in a structure. This includes asbestos abatement and microbial remediation.

Negative Pressure Drying - a method used for water damage restoration by withdrawing moisture out from walls, floors, crawlspaces, cavities and other areas.

Net Water Demand (Net Water Use) - the amount of water needed in a particular service area

Neurotoxin - poisonous substances that disrupt the nerve function.

Niche - certain organism's role, position or function in an ecosystem. If certain niches are destroyed, this could affect the overall function of the ecosystem.

Nitrate - a salt or an acid-alcohol product produced by Nitric acid

Nitrogen - a colorless and odorless gas element with the symbol N and is found in animal and vegetable tissues or proteins. Nitrogen is used to manufacture ammonia, nitrate acid and other compounds.

Nitrogen Oxides - Smog and acid rain are caused by certain air pollutants that include nitrogen oxides. Nitrogen oxides are produced naturally in the environment, but it can also be artificially generated by the combustion of fuels.

Non-bearing Wall - It is used mostly as a barrier, not a support.

Non-porous - Materials that have poor absorption and evaporation rates

Non-Residential - locations and structures that are not for residential purposes. This includes but are not limited to churches, farms, nursing homes, schools, clubhouses, recreational buildings, government buildings, merchant locations, agricultural structures, industrial structures, warehoused, hotels and motels with rentals less than 6 months duration.

Normalized Demand - the process of adjusting actual water use in a particular area within a given year. This is done to account for abnormal occurrences involving water supplies like dry weather conditions, agriculture, rationing programs, floods and other irregularities.

Nylon - a group synthetic material made from coal, water, air, petroleum, natural gas and agricultural by-products. Nylon is mold, mildew and insect resistant and produces hydrogen chloride when disposed of in fire.

Obstruction - anything that impedes, retard or change the flow and direction of water. An obstruction can impede this flow on its own or by catching or collecting debris carried by water, causing floods to flow downstream that can cause damage or detrimental to life and property.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) - a U.S. government agency that regulates and enforces safety and health of employees particularly in hazardous occupations such as firefighting and restoration work. OSHA is also responsible in the qualification and certification of personnel protective equipment (PPE).

Off-channel Area - a portion of a stream that is outside the main flow and is considered relatively calm compared to the main flow.

Ohm - a unit of electrical resistance where 1-volt of voltage produces 1-ampere of current.

Oil - a hydrocarbon liquid that is obtained by drilling though sedimentary layers filled with marine matter from the Carboniferous era. It is a colloquial term for petroleum. Most oils can burn in air and generates heat. It can also be converted to other forms of fuel (ex - fuel oil, diesel oil, gasoline, etc) by a variety of processes. Oils are used as fuels for heating, lighting, combustion engines and other purposes. Oils can also be produced through biological methods such as biodiesel, which is fast gaining market share as an alternative fuel.

On-location - the process of restoring an item at the loss site like a home or commercial establishment.

Onset - The start of a particular restoration

Open Web Steel Joist - a roofing steel truss that has a criss-cross pattern.

Open Wiring - the bank of wires that is supported by porcelain insulators instead of a conduit and is generally used in industrial settings to feed machinery. Open wiring is an important checkpoint during restoration work and should be initially considered to avoid electrocution.

Operation and Maintenance (O & M) - activities required to maintain the effectiveness and integrity of remedial or mitigation work in a particular structure or area.

Other Residential - hotels or motels where the normal stay of an occupant could be 6 months or more. A residential building is permitted incidental office, a professional private school, or studio occupancy, with the agreement that the total area of such occupancy is less than 25 percent of the total floor area of the building.

Outfall - the mouth or the outlet of a particular river, stream or lake. It can also refer to the outlet of a structure's drain or sewer and is the discharge point for wastewater.

Oxidation - the process of removing hydrogen atoms or electrons from a compound or the addition if oxygen atoms to create oxides. This process applies to metals (ex - iron converts to rust or iron oxide), nonmetals (ex - sulfur is converted to sulfur oxide), and organic matter (ex - carbon is converted carbon oxide; hydrogen is converted to hydrogen oxide).

Oxidizer - a substance that gives up oxygen readily. It can be a hazardous material when combined with adjacent fuel, which can start or feed a fire.

Oxidizing Agent - a chemical compound that readily transfers oxygen atoms that results to the conversion of metals, nonmetals, and organic matter to oxides.

Oxyacid - a type of acid wherein the hydrogen atom attaches to the oxygen atom resulting to a created atom that is attached to the central atom. An example is sulfuric acid and is used for several industrial and cleaning purposes.

Oxygen - an element with an atomic symbol of O and is an odorless and colorless gas. Oxygen is the third most abundant element in the universe next to hydrogen and helium. It is the most abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust. Major molecules in living organisms contain oxygen like proteins, carbohydrates and fats. It is also present in inorganic compounds that make up animal shells, teeth and bone. Oxygen in the form of O2 is vital to life and is used in all cellular respiration. It is produced from water by algae and through photosynthesis by plants.

Ozone - a form of oxygen having three molecules and is an oxidizing agent with a weak chlorine odor. It is produced naturally through sunlight and lightning. At ground level, ozone can irritate the respiratory system and it can be considered an air pollutant. However, ozone is an important part of the stratosphere as it creates a protective layer that hangs 10 to 50 kilometers above the planet's surface. This layer shields the Earth from the Sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation.

Pack-Out - the moving of contents out of a damaged structure to access work areas and perform restoration work in-plant.

Pad - a concrete slab that refers to the underlay or padding of carpets.

Paint - a liquid or liquefiable material or mastic composition that when applied to a surface or substrate will be converted to a thin layer of solid opaque film after drying. Paints are used to protect, preserve, decorate or add functionality to and object or surface. Basic types of paints are the latex or water-based paints and enamel or the solvent-based paints.

Parapet - a part of a wall that extends past the roofline.

Parapet Wall - a low wall or railing that is built along the edge of a roof, balcony, bridge or terrace for protection purposes against the rain, artificial flooding and the sun's rays.

Particles of Incomplete Combustion (PIC) - generated wastes that are produced after a fire and coming from ignited materials.

Partition Doors - small entry doors to enclosures or toilet stalls in restrooms.

Pathogens - any disease-producing microorganisms. This includes viruses, bacteria or fungi, including molds and mildew. Pathogens can be parasites that cling to hosts and feed upon them and makes them sick. Disinfectants and fungicides are used to kill these microorganisms, particularly in contact points with floods or sewage during water damage restoration.

Percolation - the downward movement of water through the soil.

Perennial Streams - Streams that naturally flow continuously

Permeability - the capability of the soil, geological or structural formations to transmit water. Structural materials that have high permeability are not good for basement walls as they allow moisture to seep through the basement interiors and cause water damage.

Permeance Factor - the measurement of the water flow through a material with a specific thickness. Materials can be classified according to permeance factor as porous, semi-porous or non-porous.

Permeate - the passing or seepage of a liquid substance through a material until it is saturated.

Personal Protection Equipment (PPE) - are safety equipment worn by technicians, tradesmen and restoration personnel. PPEs are designed to protect personnel from exposure to pathogens, chemicals and hazardous substances. These include hard hats, rubber gloves, rubber boots, goggles, facemasks, and respirators. All restoration personnel are required to wear PPEs at all times during cleaning and disinfection work.

pH - the measure of acidity or alkalinity of a substance. This is measured against a scale of 0 to 14 where 7 is the neutral point. Acids have a pH less than 7 while alkaline have pH greater than 7. pH measures the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. Acids have high hydrogen ion contents while a solution with low concentrations are called alkaline or base.

Phosphate - an ester of phosphoric acid that is used in detergents as a softener.

Plaster - a mixture of limewater and sand and is applied over wood, plasterboard, blue or brown board as a veneer to achieve an interior finish to a wall or ceiling.

Plenum - a part of an HVAC system that refers to the main air duct supply for the return air. This is usually installed above a ceiling or below a floor.

Plinth - a piece of wood located at the base of a door casing for decorative purposes. It also refers to the block or slab used to support a column.

Point Source (PS) - a stationary or confined conveyance where pollutants may be discharged. These are clearly identifiable sources, which includes pipes, ditches, channels, tunnels, etc.

Pollutant - a substance or material that contaminates air, soil or water. Pollutants can cause a change in the physical, chemical or biological properties of water and air that makes them unfit for use.

Pollution - the alteration of the physical, chemical or biological properties of air, soil and water. This is caused by the introduction of a pollutant into the material that adversely affects their beneficial use.

Polymer - a large molecule composed of two or more smaller or simpler molecules. Examples are nylon, cellulose, etc.

Polymerization - a chemical reaction wherein two or more smaller molecules called monomers are combined to form a larger molecule called polymers. Although polymerization is a standard process, some hazardous polymerization can occur when during the chemical reaction an uncontrolled release of energy occurs.

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) - a synthetic resin that is produced through polymerization. PVC is used extensively in construction as part of structural elements. It is also used in consumer industries to manufacture a wide variety of products. The decomposition of PVC produces hydrogen chloride gases. This gas can turn into hydrochloric acid when it is mixed with water.

Porous - a material with several minute holes and is permeable to liquids.

Post-Conditions - resulting conditions after a previous event that has affected structural components and contents. Example is smoke, soot, gases, and heat stress occurring after a fire or smoke damage. Another post-condition is mold, fungi, mildew, or water absorption after water damage.

Potable - water that is safe or suitable for drinking.

Pre-existing Conditions - scratches, dents, normal wear and tear of a structural or building component or its contents that existed before an occurrence of water, fire and other related damages.

Prefabricated Building - a structure constructed or assembled on-site using pre-engineered components.

Preparation - the critical first step when beginning any cleaning or restoration task in a structure. This includes the gathering of proper supplies and making certain that the structure is unoccupied before entering and performing restoration work.

Preparedness - the condition or degree of readiness that a household or occupants of a building to cope with a potential emergency situation like a fire or flooding.

Pressure Power Washing - a restoration process that utilizes a pressure-washing machine to remove and clean affected surfaces from dirt, smoke, soot and other remnants.

Pressurized Smoke - smoke and other gases from a fire have increased in size due to increased heat. The heat is causing the moving particles to penetrate confined areas.

Prevention - activities aimed at reducing the incidence of fire, smoke, sewage and water damage in a home or commercial establishment through education and enforcement of preventive maintenance measures.

Probability of Exceedence - the probability that a random flood will exceed a specified magnitude in a specified period of time.

Professional Inspection - an inspection performed by a specially trained and certified home inspector to the check the conditions and structural integrity of a home or building structure. A comprehensive home inspection report is made, which points out possible defects or problems seen during the inspection.

Property Defect - a property defect is a fault somewhere in a property that was not noticed or discovered prior to its sale. The prior owner of the property may or may not have been aware of the defect. Defects are often not discovered by a traditional home or building inspection. Property defects are often associated with construction defects (improper installation, construction methods or defective building material). A common defect is when improper drainage or waterproofing allows for water damage and mold growth within a property.?

Protein Fire - when the decomposition of animal fats from beef, poultry, fish among others produces a fine clear mist, which has a very obnoxious odor that is capable of penetrating even the smallest of areas.

Puff Back - a clogged or malfunctioning furnace discharges deposited soot throughout the house and cause smoke and soot damage to the structure and its contents.

Quality Assurance - the system of procedures used in selecting a good quality approach in management and labor within an organization and a restoration job site.

Quality Control - a system of procedures and standards that controls the quality of the production and installation of materials at a restoration job site.

Quarry Tile - square stone tiles that are usually red in color and are joined together with grout. Quarry tiles can be used for restroom floors.

Quaternary Ammonium Chloride - a volatile, cationic disinfectant- cleaner that is used to destroy microorganisms like mold, mildew and fungi. Quats kills germs by rupturing their cell walls. Quats are more economical disinfectants than bleach or pine oil.

Quick Mix Blend Center - used as an automatic chemical dispensing systems where chemicals are mechanically mixed to produce ready-to-use cleaners and cleaning products. These products are dispensed into a spray bottle or directly into mop buckets, auto-scrubbers or carpet cleaning equipment during restoration work.

Radiant Heat - process that transfers heat energy through radiation energy waves. Radiation passes through the air and its energy is released when it strikes an object.

Radiant Heating System - an electrical heating system that distributes heat through electrical cables installed within baseboard panels.

Radiation - the transfer of heat energy through space through the motion of waves. Heat will only be generated until the energy strikes and is absorbed by the surface or object in consideration.

Radon - a colorless and odorless gas that is emitted from soils, rocks and water due to radioactive decay in certain areas of the United States. Radon is considered a health risk as it is known to cause cancer. Radon testing should be part of a home inspection.

Rafter - a parallel beam that is used to support roof and ceiling framing.

Rayon - a natural textile fiber that is used as a fabric.

Readily Openable Access Panel - provides homeowner inspection for cleaning and maintenance work. This is readily accessible and within normal reach. Access panels can be removed easily by one person and is not sealed or set in place.

Recreational Rivers - sections or even a whole river that can be accessed by road or railroad. There may be some development along the perimeter, which can cause some impediment or diversion to the river flow in the past.

Recycled Water - urban wastewater that has been treated for reuse through a water treatment facility.

Reforestation - the natural or artificial restocking of an area with forest trees.

Registers - structural components that are used to help regulate the flow of air within the structure.

Relative Humidity - The ratio of the amount of water in the air at a give temperature to the maximum amount it could hold at that temperature; expressed as a percentage.

Relative Humidity (RH) - the ratio of the amount of water vapor in the air the maximum amount possible at the same

Remedial Investigation - collects data required to make an adequate characterization of an area or site for the purpose of identifying, evaluating, and developing effective remedial and restoration strategies. The remedial investigation process includes the following - determining the nature and extent of the contamination; risk assessment to health and environment; and conducting treatability tests to evaluate effectiveness and performance of treatments considered.

Remediation - clean-up action used to reduce, isolate or remove contamination from a home or a business establishment, thus preventing exposure of people and animals to these contaminants. Examples are flood removal from basements or kitchens or mold remediation from drywalls.

Remediation - the process of removing, cleaning and treating fungi (mold) that has grown on building material and/or furniture inside of a property. This process often involves the use of special anti-fungal solutions and commercial-grade equipment. To learn more about mold remediation, visit our Mold Remediation Services Page.

Remove and Reset - the process of removing a structural component or item to facilitate restoration work, and then reinstalling or resetting the same item back in place.

Residential Sprinkler System - arranged for fire suppression in a residential setting or dwelling.

Residue - remains from fire, smoke, soot, gases, floodwater, sewage, etc.

Restoration - to perform activities and remedial work to return a site to approximately the same condition as it was before any incident or alteration has taken place. Restoration usually follows remediation, like in the case of flood, sewage or fire damages.

Restoration - the process of rebuilding or reconstructing a portion of a property to its original look and structural state prior to a destructive incident such as mold growth, water damage, flooding or fire damage.?

Restorative Cleaning - part of the restoration process and refers to the cleaning or removal of smoke, soot, gases, floodwater, and sewage residues from a structural component or the contents therein.

Restorative Drying - part of the restoration process and involves the process of extracting moisture, rolling, and dehumidification to dry out a structure.

Retaining Wall - a vertical structure that is used to restrict or prevent the flow and movement of soil or water.

Retardant - a material that is used to delay the flow of moisture, water, heat, flame and others.

Return Flow - the portion of water drawn out from sources and into community use that is not consumed by evapotranspiration or system losses. The excess water returns to the source or is transferred to another bode of water.

Riparian - A riparian refers to the bank or land mass adjacent to the edge of a stream or a body of flowing water. This is usually influenced or affected when flooding occurs.

Riparian Area - the land adjacent to a stream, including woodlands, vegetation and floodplains that can directly affect the stream.

Roof Drainage Systems - structural components that are used to divert or carry away water off a roof and away from the home or building.

Routine Cleaning - the type of cleaning in a home or a business and commercial establishment that is scheduled and completed on a regular basis. Usually, routine cleaning involves daily tasks and is part of preventive maintenance procedures.

Runoff - water that flows across the ground and eventually reaches a body of water like streams. Runoffs are a result of rainfall or snow melting. Excessive runoffs can cause floods.

Rust - a powdery and scaly red, orange or brown-colored formation on the surface of irons due to oxidation after exposure to moisture.

Salinity - the concentration of mineral salts and chlorides dissolved in water. It is measured by the weight of the total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity or osmotic pressure.

Salvage - the actual or monetary recovery of a damaged component or item through remediation or restoration work.

Sanitary Water - dispersed potable water from a broken water pipe or line.

Sanitation - the process of putting an area or environment into a condition that is free from health risks for human health. This is done through sanitizers or disinfectants that are applied to surfaces and objects within the area.

Sanitizers - chemicals or substances that reduce the number of microorganisms in an affected area down to a safe level. The effectiveness of sanitizers is tested through the 5-log reduction method, wherein sanitizers should exterminate 99.999% of a bacterial test population within 30 seconds. Disinfectants are different from sanitizers in terms of higher kill capability for pathogens. However, disinfectants and sanitizers cannot totally sterilize an area or completely eradicate all microorganisms.

Saturation - when a particular area or enclosure is 100% relative humidity is achieved. This means that the air in that area cannot retain any more water.

Scope - the term used to describe the process of viewing or observing the inner areas of ductwork, chimney chases, crawlspaces, etc during restoration work.

Secondary Container - containers or bottles that used in cleaning and restoration processes by holding and dispensing cleaning products. These containers are secondary as the contents are transferred from a primary chemical container.

Secondary Damages - results caused by primary damages or losses. Examples are flood and water damage, which can result to corrosion, rust, mold, mildew, fungi, odor and other after effects if improper remedial and restoration work is performed.

Secondary Treatment - the biological process of reducing suspended, colloidal and dissolved organic matter in sewage and effluent from primary treatment systems. It usually involves the use of filters and the activated sludge process.

Seepage - the gradual movement or intrusion of fluid and moisture into or through a porous medium. An example is the rain or floodwater seepages through the walls of basements causing water damage to contents and structural components.

Septage (hauled sewage) - material primarily containing human feces, toilet waste, shower waste, bathtubs, kitchens and laundry wastes.

Sequence - the order that cleaning and restoration activities are done. A pre-determined sequence of procedures is usually set in place, although the order of the jobs may need variation depending on the situation of the area to be restored.

Sewage - liquid waste containing some solids and is produced from domestic, commercial and industrial establishments. Sewage is one type of wastewater and typically contains washing water, feces, urine, laundry waste and other waste materials that go down drains and toilets. Sewage is a major source of pollution in urban areas and is considered potential health risks if sewage damage in a home is apparent. Remedial and restoration work should be done immediately in such cases.

Sheet Vinyl - a flooring material sometimes used in kitchens and restrooms and has the appearance of linoleum that is cut into pre-sized tiles.

Sinks - washbasins or receptacles that are found in restrooms or kitchens. These are usually connected with a source for water as well as a drainage system.

Sludge - contains solid residues that settle from municipal, commercial, or industrial sewage treatment plants. These are also referred to as biosolids or processed organic wastes.

Smoke Residue - gas products of combustion are made visible by the presence of carbon particles.

Smoke Stain - discoloration and texture changes on walls and surfaces caused by oxidation after the combustion of various materials.

Sodium Chloride - the chemical composition of salt, which is used for a variety of household and industrial purposes.

Sodium Hypochlorite - the chemical composition of chlorine bleach, which is used for a variety of cleaning purposes.

Solution - a mixture of two or more substances.

Solvent - an agent that can dissolve a soli, liquid or a gaseous solute to form a solution for a variety of purposes. The most common solvent is water, and is termed the universal solvent. Organic solvents contain carbon-based chemicals. Solvents have low boiling points and can evaporate easily. Solvents can also be removed from a solution through distillation. Organic solvents are used in dry cleaning, paint thinners, glue, spot removers, detergents, perfumes and other chemical syntheses. Inorganic solvents other than water are used in chemical research and technological functions and processes.

Soot - fine particles that are formed from the incomplete combustion of fuels. Soot can be powdery, oily or tar-like depending on the type of combustion fuel.

Sponge - an absorbent tool that is used to wipe and clean surfaces. Household sponges are synthetic materials similar to the natural sponge, which comes from the marine creatures called poriferans.

Spores - small, specialized reproductive structures that are adapted for dispersal and survival for long periods of time. Spores are part of the life cycle for many plants, algae and fungi including molds.

Sporicide - disinfecting agents that are used to exterminate bacteria and fungi.

Squeegee - cleaning tool that is edged with rubber and is used for removing water from floors. Window squeegee are sometimes used to remove water and cleaning solutions from windows.

Stachybotrys - mold known to produce the harmful metabolite known as mycotoxins, which can cause adverse health effects for humans and animals, when exposed. Towards the beginning stages of growth, this mold appears white in color, but soon becomes black. To read more about Stachybotrys, visit our Common Types of Mold Page.

Sterilization - the process of completely eradicating an area or an object from all contaminates and microorganism.

Stress Crack - plaster and drywalls that are caused by heat or moisture expansion are called stress cracks.

Structural Drying - The accelerated process or method of drying a water damaged space to minimize damage and improve results as quickly as possible.

Structure - a walled or roofed building that is above ground. This includes a manufactured home or a building.

Subcontractor - a person or a company that has a contract for a specific portion or a project in restoration work.

Subfloor - underlying flooring that are used to support a finished floor and can be used as a structural support for lateral loads.

Submersible Pumps - hermetically sealed water pumps used in flood or water removal processes. These pumps are submerged into the body of water where it draws water and pushes it out into a discharge outlet.

Substrate - the underlying materials that support layers of other materials on a surface.

Subsurface Drying - a water damage restoration process that forces air or use negative air pressure to dry out an underlying member, such as subfloors under carpets or insulation within drywalls.

Subsurface Flood Extractor - water damage restoration tools that have specially designed suction plates that draws water from carpets and underlying pads into a vacuum chamber.

Sump Pump - electric pumps that are installed in basements to prevent or remove water from basement areas.

Superfund - a special tax collected from the production of chemical feedstocks and raw petroleum. The Superfund money can be used by the EPA in the investigation, evaluation and cleanup work for identified hazardous waste sites.

Surface Water - all waters with surfaces that are naturally exposed to the atmosphere and the environment such as rivers, lakes, reservoirs, ponds, seas, and other bodies of water.

Tactics - the method of deploying and implementing resource for restoration work in order to achieve the objectives of a particular strategy.

Thermostat - a device that automatically turns heating or air conditioning on or off to control temperatures within a home or building and maintain desired temperatures.

Threshold Limit Values (TLV) - the exposure limit that restoration workers are allowed exposure to a particular hazardous substance within an 8-hour period and during a 40-hour workweek. The guidelines and values are set by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH), which is then controlled and implemented by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

Tile Drains - underground, perforated pipes that are installed to remove excess water from the soil. The drainage water that are removed are channeled through ditches and sent to waterways.

Torrents - turbulent, swift-flowing streams caused by a heavy downpour or deluge. Torrents can result to flash floods in various areas and can affect inhabited communities and cause severe flood damage.

Total Dissolved Solids (TDS) - the quantitative measure of dissolved minerals in water after the solution has been evaporated. TDS is expressed in milligrams per liter.

Total Loss- the condition of a structure or an object that is not economically feasible to repair. This level in particular is set when cost to repair already exceeds 80 percent of the actual value.

Toxic Gas Detector - a mechanical device that is used to measure and quantify the presence of gases and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC).

Toxic Substances - hazardous or poisonous substances that can cause physical harm to living organisms.

Transient Germs - germs that are transferred from one object, surface or person to another.

Treated Lumber - pressure-treated wood that contains a percentage of chromium III, arsenic V and copper. Treated lumber are used in exterior construction to withstand the environment, weather, termites and fungal decay.

Tributary - a stream that discharges into a larger stream, river, lake or any other body of water.

Trigger Sprayer - a device that is attached to a spray bottle that allows a detergent, disinfectant and other cleaning products to be dispensed in a fine or coarse spray.

Trigger Sprayer Bottle - the container where a trigger sprayer is attached. The bottle contains the cleaning products that will be dispensed in a fine or coarse spray.

Trim - moldings, baseboards, doors and window casings, etc and are basically constructed from wood, plastics or metals.

Turbidity - the measure of the content of suspended particles and matter that interferes on how light passes through water and cause restrictions on visual depth. Sediments suspended in water are one component of turbidity.

Type, Building - a classification system used in the United States to categorize the fire resistance of a particular structure. These classifications include - Type I - resistive, Type II - non-combustible, Type III - ordinary, Type IV - heavy timber, and Type V - frame construction or made entirely of wood.

Ultra Low Volume (ULV) Fogger - an electromechanical device that is used to distribute and regulate the dispersal of disinfectants and fragrances.

Ultrasonic Cleaning - the process of cleaning an object using ultrasonic sound waves while submerged in water and detergents to remove soils and particles.

Ultraviolet (UV) Light - part of the sun's energy that reaches the surface of the earth. Ultraviolet light have short wavelengths in the non-visible electromagnetic spectrum. UV light in excess can be harmful to plants and animal life, and excess levels are blocked off by the ozone layer. In restoration work, UV lamps are used for drying and for detecting organic deposits in surfaces like urine deposits in carpets.

Unclog - to remove an obstruction from a drain, sink or pipe through mechanical (plumber's snake or auger) or chemical means (acids, baking soda, etc).

Under-floor Crawl Space - the area between the ground and the underside of the floor that are part of a structure or foundation.

Underground Storage Tank - stores water or other materials and is constructed under the foundations or under the grounds in the vicinity of a foundation.

Underlayment - wood panels that are used under a finished floor to provide a smooth finish.

Underwriters Laboratories, Inc (UL) - performs the classification and evaluation of the various properties of a particular product that is used in construction and manufacturing.

Universal Precautions - the use of safety garments; gloves, mask and goggles, and used during initial contact with contaminants like fluids or hazardous materials.

Unsalvageable - an object or structure that has undergone damage that is already of zero value or non-reusable as restoration may not be possible.

Unsanitary Water - to non-potable water. This includes wastewater, sewage and gray water.

Urban Runoff - storm and floodwaters from city streets and gutters. These waters can carry great volumes of rubbish and can include organic and bacterial wastes that are carried into the sewer systems.

Uric Acid - a natural compound that is present in human urine and these are usually deposited on floors, toilet bowls and other surfaces in a restroom. When dried, uric acid salts and residues adhere to the floor and are difficult to remove. A floor neutralizer is needed to loosen and remove these uric acid deposits.

Vacuum Freeze-Drying - a technique used in water damage restoration where wet documents like books and paper are frozen inside a negatively pressurized chamber.

Vacuum Pressure - the negative pressure usually related to the airflow of an extraction unit like vacuum cleaners, sub-surface flood extractors or a vacuum freeze-drying chamber.

Vapor Barrier - a water-resistant material that is used to prevent moisture and vapor seepages into a structure, particularly basements.

Vapor Pressure - to the pressure, measured in pounds per square inch, is the force exerted by a vapor. Confined liquids can vaporize and the accumulation of vapors above the liquid causes the vapor pressure to approach fixed limits called maximum or saturated vapor.

Vapors - diffused or the gaseous form of substances, which are normally in the solid or liquid state at room temperature and pressure. Evaporation is the process where liquids are transformed into gas or vapors. Vapors can be changed back into the solid or liquid state through pressurization or temperature drops. Solvents with low boiling points are called volatile and easily changes to the vapor state. Examples are benzene, alcohol, mercury and toluene.

Velocity - the speed of water flowing in a particular waterway, such as rivers or streams. It also refers to the speed of water flow of a flood.

Veneer - a thin layer of material, usually made of wood, plastic or metal, which is glued to another material or substrate to provide strength and durability. It is also used to provide decorative features in a surface.

Ventilation - an important procedure in restoration work wherein the vapor and gases inside an enclosure is flowed either by natural convection or forced. Ventilation can be achieved through existing openings like windows and doors, or though external equipment.

Venturi Effect - the creation of a partial negative pressure or vacuum using a constricted flow of fluid or gas through a section of a pipe.

Vinyl - is composed of thermoplastics and is constructed from chlorides through the process of polymerization.

Vinyl Asbestos Tile (VAT) - tiles that contain asbestos and these were widely used as floorings in schools, hospitals, and other public buildings before the 1980s. Usage was discontinued when the hazardous effects of asbestos where established.

Vinyl Composition Tile (VCT) - glass-fiber, finished flooring materials that are widely used in commercial and institutional structures. Vinyl Composition Tiles replaced the asbestos tile as the flooring of choice for high-traffic areas due to its low cost and easy maintenance requirements. VCTs are applied to smooth and leveled sub-floors using a specialized vinyl adhesive. After installation, VCTs are waxed and then these are buffed using specialized tools and materials to produce an excellent interior finish.

Viruses - very small microorganisms that invade body cells. A virus feed on host cells and eventually kills them. Common diseases known to be caused by viruses include colds, influenza, hepatitis, HIV, herpes, measles, rabies, mump, rubella and small pox.

Viscosity - the property of a fluid that resists the force causing fluids to flow. Counteracting forces are released that creates resistance to the internal flow of a fluid. For most liquids, viscosity increases as the temperature drops.

Visqueen - a vapor barrier and is made of polyethylene.

Visual Inspection - examination or investigation of a site or area affected with damage and this is performed without the use of instruments.

Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) - any carbon-based organic matter that has the properties of easily liquefying into a gaseous matter at room temperature. VOCs are found in various products such as building materials, cosmetics, household cleaners and electrical equipments. This includes paint, solvents, aerosols, cleaners, and air fresheners. Although exposure to VOC usually results to symptoms similar to colds, some believe VOCs as carcinogenic and can be a serious health risk.

Volatility - the tendency or ability of a fluid to change into the vapor state. Fluids with a well-known tendency to vaporize rapidly are called volatile liquids. Examples are alcohol and gasoline.

Volt / Voltage - a measure of electrical potential. Current is measured in amperes.

Vulcanization - a chemical process performed on rubber compounds and these are used in a variety of industrial and commercial purposes. With vulcanization, rubber compounds lose the plasticity properties and become irreversibly hardened after processing.

Wall Covering - any material used to cover a wall's surface as a final finish.

Warping - the physical change of a surface, wall, floor, or ceiling from its original shape as a result of water or heat damage.

Washout - the erosion of a relatively soft surface like roadbeds by a sudden flow of water, resulting from a heavy downpour or floods.

Wastewater - the used or discarded water from a residential, commercial or industrial drainage system. This includes liquid waste from kitchens, restrooms and commodes.

Water Analysis - the process of testing and analyzing of the material contents of water. This analysis is also used to determine the presence of bacteria and chemicals.

Water Migration - the action of water to flow, seep, or move in and out of the capillaries or pores of a material's structure.

Water Pollution - the presence of harmful or unfavorable materials or substances in water that damages the water's quality.

Water Quality - the chemical, physical and biological characteristics of water based on acceptable level and these are used with respect to its suitability for a particular purpose.

Water Restoration - The process of restoring a property back to pre-loss condition after sustaining any level of water damage.

Watermark - a stain on a material's surface that is caused by water.

Watershed - an area of land where all surface drainage and tributaries flow into a single body of water.

Watershed Management - the analysis, protection, development, operation and maintenance of a particular watershed. This includes the management of the land, vegetation and water resources of a watershed for the conservation of all its resources for the benefit of all residents.

Watershed Restoration - a program of improving the current conditions of a watershed. Work includes the restoration of degraded habitat and provision of a long-term protection for all resources.

Weep Hole - a small home that is designed to drain or relieve water from a certain structural component. It can be constructed as part of the original design, or made after a system or component has become saturated with water.

Wet/Dry Vacuum Cleaners - cleaning and water extraction tools used to suck up water from floors and carpets using a vacuum motor and a wet recovery tank.

Wetland Restoration - the process of returning a wetland ecosystem to a close approximation of its original conditions.

Wetlands - areas that are water-saturated and frequently flooded areas. These include swamps, marshes, deltas and coastal zones and contain habitats for flora and fauna that are adapted to a watery environment. Wetlands can purify water and absorb excessive rainfall.

Winterize - preparing and protecting a home or a building from freezing and the effects that freezing can have on the home's facilities and components. Example is properly insulating water pipes to prevent freezing and burst pipes that will cause severe water damage.

Wipers - absorbent cloths from a variety of materials that are used to clean soils and liquids from surfaces.

Witness - an individual who possesses an exceptional or specialized knowledge beyond that of the average person, often through education, training or experience, who presents testimony in a legal manner, such as in a trial or administrative hearing, in a deposition or an affidavit, or in any other type of proceeding. Professionals from Indoor-Restore are often retained by council in court cases involving mold in properties, water damage insurance claims or property defects.?

Wrinkling - the distortion or rippling of a surface due to physical means or as a result from drying out after exposure to water or moisture.

Xenobiotic - plastics or any synthetic substances that are found in the atmosphere.

Xerophlic Fungi - types of microorganisms that can grow in dry conditions.

Xylene - a toxic solvent used for pesticides, paints and varnishes.

Xylophagous - the process of fungal destruction of a wood.

Yard Lumber - the lumber that is used for general building purposed. Yard lumber is graded by the size and length of the wood.

Yazoo Tributary - a small tributary that is prevented by levees or embankments from joining the main channel.

Yellowing - the yellowish cast on any clear, white or light-colored material due to aging, heat or cleaning.

Yield Strength - less than the allowable stress to strain wherein the ratio of stress to strain for a particular structural component has dropped below maximum attainable stress.

Zinc - is a metallic element that is used for galvanizing steel and provides it with cathodic protection.

Zinc Chromate - a pigment that is used if paints to provide it with rust-inhibiting properties.

Zinc Oxide - a pigment used as a rust-inhibitor for primers and paints.

Zone A (unnumbered) - Special Flood Hazard Areas that are subject to inundation from the 100-year flood. One-hundred-year floods are calculated to be the level of floodwater that is expected to be exceeded or equaled for an average of a hundred years. One-hundred-year floods have a 1% chance of being achieved in a single year. The predicted area of inundation can be mapped out based on the expected floodwater level. For Zone A, no hydraulic analyses have been performed so no base or flood elevations or depths are determined. For Zone A, flood insurance purchase requirements are mandatory.

Zone AE - Special Flood Hazard Areas that are subject to inundation from the 100-year flood determined by the Flood Insurance Study. Based flood elevations within these zones are identified and shown in flood insurance maps. For Zone AE, flood insurance purchase requirements are mandatory.

Zone AH - Special Flood Hazard Areas that are subject to inundation from the 100-year shallow flooding where average depths are between one and three feet. Usually these areas are attributed to ponding. Base flood elevations are identified in these zones. For Zone AH, flood insurance purchase requirements are mandatory.

Zone B, C and X - moderate or minimal hazards from principal flood sources in the area. However, buildings in these zones can still be affected by severe flooding if concentrated rainfall occurs and is aggravated by inadequate local drainage systems. Flood insurance is not required by regulation in these areas although it is still available for participating individuals or communities.

Zone D - remain unstudied and flood hazards are undetermined. Mandatory flood insurance purchases are not required although coverage is available voluntarily.

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